Aquaculture in the Mediterranean: evolution and its its its its its perspectives – Aquaculture in the Mediterranean, a sector that has seen an exponential evolution since the mid-20th century, is now an essential component of the region’s economy and food sustainability. This sector has witnessed a radical transformation, as highlighted by a recent study published in PLOS ONE and led by Benedetto Sicuro of the University of Turin. The paper draws a detailed picture of the functional and geographical expansion of aquaculture in the Mediterranean from 1950 to 2020, providing valuable predictions for the future.
The leadership of Egypt and the Nile Tilapia
Egypt emerges as the undisputed leader of Mediterranean aquaculture, with Nile tilapia as the dominant species. This country, thanks to its favourable climatic conditions and strong government support, has seen tremendous growth in fish production. According to the study, Egypt will continue to lead the sector with an expected production of more than 2 million tonnes by 2030. This growth is a clear sign of the central role the country will play in the future of Mediterranean aquaculture.
The expansion of marine species in Greece and Turkey
In addition to Egypt, the growth of marine species, such as European sea bass and seabream, in Greece and Turkey emphasises the importance of technological innovation in the expansion of aquaculture. By adopting advanced technologies and sustainable management strategies, these countries have consolidated their leading position in marine production, contributing significantly to reaching 2.8 million tonnes of total production in 2020. Further growth is projected to bring total production to 3.65 million tonnes by 2030.
The challenge of diversification
Despite the successes achieved, the study highlights a significant risk for the future of Mediterranean aquaculture: dependence on a few dominant species. This could represent a limit to the long-term sustainability of the sector. To mitigate this risk, greater diversification of farmed species is suggested. Such diversification would not only improve food security in the region, but also open new markets, fostering innovation and adaptation to changing climatic and socio-economic conditions.
Natural evolution and the anthropic climax
A particularly interesting aspect of the study is the parallel drawn between the evolution of aquaculture and natural ecological processes. Mediterranean aquaculture seems to have reached an ‘anthropic climax’, an equilibrium stage that, rather than representing a stopping point, provides a solid basis for further development. This climax, similar to that of natural ecosystems, suggests that the sector is now ripe for a new phase of growth, characterised by greater diversification and sustainability.
Opportunities for Italy and the role of Malta
Italy, despite a historical role in trout and mussel farming, has seen more moderate growth than other Mediterranean countries. However, the adoption of sustainable and diversified models could allow the country to regain a prominent position. Malta, with its remarkable relative productivity, represents a success story with its combination of advanced technology and state support, demonstrating how even small countries can have a significant impact in the sector.
The future of Mediterranean aquaculture looks promising, with Egypt continuing to lead production and countries such as Greece, Turkey and Malta emerging as key players in the expansion of marine species. The key to a sustainable future lies in the diversification of species and the adoption of innovative technologies that will enable the region to address global challenges related to food security and environmental sustainability.
Aquaculture in the Mediterranean: evolution and perspectives
